Koonsvitsky BP, Berry DA, et al. Olestra affects serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and carotenoids but not vitamin D or vitamin K status in free-living subjects. J Nutr 1997;127:1636S-45S.
Sommerburg O, Keunen JE, Bird AC, van Kuijk FJ. Fruits and vegetables that are sources for lutein and zeaxanthin: the macular pigment in human eyes. Br J Ophthalmol 1998;82:907-10.
Hammond BR Jr, Wooten BR, Snodderly DM, et al. Density of the human crystalline lens is related to the macular pigment carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin. Optom Vis Sci 1997;74:499-504.
Slattery ML, Benson J, Curtin K, et al. Carotenoids and colon cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:575-82.
Kim MK, Ahn SH, Lee-Kim. Relationship of serum alpha-tocopherol, carotenoids and retinol with the risk of breast cancer. Nutr Res 2001;21:797-809.
Johnson EJ, Hammond BR, Yeum KJ, et al. Relation among serum and tissue concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin and macular pigment density. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:1555-62..
Goodman GE, Schaffer S, Omenn GS, et al. The association between lung and prostate cancer risk, and serum micronutrients: results and lessons learned from beta-carotene and retinol efficacy trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003;12:518-26.
Montonen J, Knekt P, Jarvinen R, Reunanen A. Dietary antioxidant intake and risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27:362-6.
Schupp C, Olano-Martin E, Gerth C, et al. Lutein, zeaxanthin, macular pigment, and visual function in adult cystic fibrosis patients. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79 1045-52.
Thurmann PA, Schalch W, Aebischer JC, et al. Plasma kinetics of lutein, zeaxanthin, and 3-dehydro-lutein after multiple oral doses of a lutein supplement. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82:88-97.
Parisi V, Tedeschi M, Gallinaro G, et al. Carotenoids and antioxidants in age-related maculopathy italian study: multifocal electroretinogram modifications after 1 year. Ophthalmology 2008;115:324-33.
Malila, N., Virtamo, J., Virtanen, M., Pietinen, P., Albanes, D., and Teppo, L. Dietary and serum alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and retinol, and risk for colorectal cancer in male smokers. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 2002;56(7):615-621.
Ito, Y., Wakai, K., Suzuki, K., Tamakoshi, A., Seki, N., Ando, M., Nishino, Y., Kondo, T., Watanabe, Y., Ozasa, K., and Ohno, Y. Serum carotenoids and mortality from lung cancer: a case-control study nested in the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) study. Cancer Sci. 2003;94(1):57-63.
Handelman, G. J., Nightingale, Z. D., Lichtenstein, A. H., Schaefer, E. J., and Blumberg, J. B. Lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in plasma after dietary supplementation with egg yolk. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1999;70(2):247-251.
Sommerburg, O. G., Siems, W. G., Hurst, J. S., Lewis, J. W., Kliger, D. S., and van Kuijk, F. J. Lutein and zeaxanthin are associated with photoreceptors in the human retina. Curr.Eye Res. 1999;19(6):491-495.
Rapp, L. M., Maple, S. S., and Choi, J. H. Lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in rod outer segment membranes from perifoveal and peripheral human retina. Invest Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 2000;41(5):1200-1209.
van der Horst-Graat JM, Kok, F. J., and Schouten, E. G. Plasma carotenoid concentrations in relation to acute respiratory infections in elderly people. Br J Nutr 2004;92(1):113-118.
Ito, Y., Wakai, K., Suzuki, K., Ozasa, K., Watanabe, Y., Seki, N., Ando, M., Nishino, Y., Kondo, T., Ohno, Y., and Tamakoshi, A. Lung cancer mortality and serum levels of carotenoids, retinol, tocopherols, and folic acid in men and women: a case-control study nested in the JACC Study. J Epidemiol. 2005;15 Suppl 2:S140-S149.
Coyne, T., Ibiebele, T. I., Baade, P. D., Dobson, A., McClintock, C., Dunn, S., Leonard, D., and Shaw, J. Diabetes mellitus and serum carotenoids: findings of a population-based study in Queensland, Australia. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82(3):685-693.
Schalch, W., Cohn, W., Barker, F. M., Kopcke, W., Mellerio, J., Bird, A. C., Robson, A. G., Fitzke, F. F., and van Kuijk, F. J. Xanthophyll accumulation in the human retina during supplementation with lutein or zeaxanthin - the LUXEA (LUtein Xanthophyll Eye Accumulation) study. Arch.Biochem.Biophys. 2-15-2007;458(2):128-135.
Palombo, P., Fabrizi, G., Ruocco, V., Ruocco, E., Fluhr, J., Roberts, R., and Morganti, P. Beneficial long-term effects of combined oral/topical antioxidant treatment with the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin on human skin: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Skin Pharmacol.Physiol 2007;20(4):199-210.
Yagi, A., Fujimoto, K., Michihiro, K., Goh, B., Tsi, D., and Nagai, H. The effect of lutein supplementation on visual fatigue: a psychophysiological analysis. Appl.Ergon. 2009;40(6):1047-1054.
Takeda, S., Masuda, Y., Usuda, M., Marushima, R., Ueji, T., Hasegawa, M., and Maruyama, C. Effects of mayonnaise on postprandial serum lutein/zeaxanthin and beta-carotene concentrations in humans. J.Nutr.Sci.Vitaminol.(Tokyo) 2009;55(6):479-485.
Ma, L., Dou, H. L., Wu, Y. Q., Huang, Y. M., Huang, Y. B., Xu, X. R., Zou, Z. Y., and Lin, X. M. Lutein and zeaxanthin intake and the risk of age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br.J.Nutr. 2012;107(3):350-359.
Romagnoli, C., Giannantonio, C., Cota, F., Papacci, P., Vento, G., Valente, E., Purcaro, V., and Costa, S. A prospective, randomized, double blind study comparing lutein to placebo for reducing occurrence and severity of retinopathy of prematurity. J.Matern.Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011;24 Suppl 1:147-150.
Connolly, E. E., Beatty, S., Loughman, J., Howard, A. N., Louw, M. S., and Nolan, J. M. Supplementation with all three macular carotenoids: response, stability, and safety. Invest Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 2011;52(12):9207-9217.
Dani, C., Lori, I., Favelli, F., Frosini, S., Messner, H., Wanker, P., De, Marini S., Oretti, C., Boldrini, A., Massimiliano, C., Bragetti, P., and Germini, C. Lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation in preterm infants to prevent retinopathy of prematurity: a randomized controlled study. J.Matern.Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012;25(5):523-527.
Piermarocchi, S., Saviano, S., Parisi, V., Tedeschi, M., Panozzo, G., Scarpa, G., Boschi, G., and Lo, Giudice G. Carotenoids in Age-related Maculopathy Italian Study (CARMIS): two-year results of a randomized study. Eur.J.Ophthalmol. 2012;22(2):216-225.
Richer, S. P., Stiles, W., Graham-Hoffman, K., Levin, M., Ruskin, D., Wrobel, J., Park, D. W., and Thomas, C. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of zeaxanthin and visual function in patients with atrophic age-related macular degeneration: the Zeaxanthin and Visual Function Study (ZVF) FDA IND #78, 973. Optometry. 2011;82(11):667-680.
Goltz, S. R., Campbell, W. W., Chitchumroonchokchai, C., Failla, M. L., and Ferruzzi, M. G. Meal triacylglycerol profile modulates postprandial absorption of carotenoids in humans. Mol.Nutr.Food Res. 2012;56(6):866-877.
Ma, L., Dou, H. L., Huang, Y. M., Lu, X. R., Xu, X. R., Qian, F., Zou, Z. Y., Pang, H. L., Dong, P. C., Xiao, X., Wang, X., Sun, T. T., and Lin, X. M. Improvement of retinal function in early age-related macular degeneration after lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation: a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial. Am.J.Ophthalmol. 2012;154(4):625-634.
Ma, L., Yan, S. F., Huang, Y. M., Lu, X. R., Qian, F., Pang, H. L., Xu, X. R., Zou, Z. Y., Dong, P. C., Xiao, X., Wang, X., Sun, T. T., Dou, H. L., and Lin, X. M. Effect of lutein and zeaxanthin on macular pigment and visual function in patients with early age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2012;119(11):2290-2297.
Hammond, B. R., Jr. and Fletcher, L. M. Influence of the dietary carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin on visual performance: application to baseball. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2012;96(5):1207S-1213S.
Chew EY, Clemons TE, SanGiovanni JP, et al. Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 Research Group. Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013;309(19):2005-2015.
Bates, C. J., Chen, S. J., Macdonald, A., and Holden, R. Quantitation of vitamin E and a carotenoid pigment in cataractous human lenses, and the effect of a dietary supplement. Int J Vitam.Nutr Res. 1996;66(4):316-321.
Cui YH, Jing CX, Pan HW. Association of blood antioxidants and vitamins with risk of age-related cataract: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;98(3):778-86.
Ge XX, Xing MY, Yu LF, et al. Carotenoid intake and esophageal cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2013;14(3):1911-8.
Liu R, Wang T, Zhang B, et al. Lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation and association with visual function in age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014 Dec 16;56(1):252-8. Review.
Liu XH, Yu RB, Liu R, et al. Association between lutein and zeaxanthin status and the risk of cataract: a meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2014 Jan 22;6(1):452-65.
Ma L, Hao ZX, Liu RR, et al. A dose-response meta-analysis of dietary lutein and zeaxanthin intake in relation to risk of age-related cataract. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2014 Jan;252(1):63-70.
Manzoni P, Guardione R, Bonetti P, et al. Lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation in preterm very low-birth-weight neonates in neonatal intensive care units: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Am J Perinatol. 2013 Jan;30(1):25-32.
Takeda A, Nyssen OP, Syed A, et al. Vitamin A and carotenoids and the risk of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroepidemiology. 2014;42(1):25-38.
Bonds DE, Harrington M, Worrall BB, et al. Effect of long-chain ?-3 fatty acids and lutein + zeaxanthin supplements on cardiovascular outcomes: results of the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2014 May;174(5):763-71.
Chew EY, Clemons TE, Agrón E, et al . Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Lutein/Zeaxanthin, or Other Nutrient Supplementation on Cognitive Function: The AREDS2 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2015 Aug 25;314(8):791-801.
Chew EY, SanGiovanni JP, Ferris FL, et al. Lutein /zeaxanthin for the treatment of age-related cataract: AREDS2 randomized trial report no. 4. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013 Jul;131(7):843-50.
Ma L, Liu R, Du JH, et al. Lutein, zeaxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin supplementation associated with macular pigment optical density. Nutrients 2016;8(7). pii: E426.
Leermakers ET, Darweesh SK, Baena CP, et al. The effects of lutein on cardiometabolic health across the life course: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2016;103(2):481-94.
Xu J, Song C, Song X, Zhang X, Li X. Carotenoids and risk of fracture: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Oncotarget 2017;8(2):2391-9.
Chen F, Hu J, Liu P, Li J, Wei Z, Liu P. Carotenoid intake and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. Ann Hematol 2017;96(6):957-65.
Chen J, Jiang W, Shao L, Zhong D, Wu Y, Cai J. Association between intake of antioxidants and pancreatic cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2016;67(7):744-53.
Zhou Y, Wang T, Meng Q, Zhai S. Association of carotenoids with risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. Clin Nutr 2016;35(1):109-16.
Lai JS, Veetil VO, Lanca C, et al. Maternal lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in relation to offspring visual acuity at 3 years of age: The GUSTO Study. Nutrients 2020;12(2):274.
Cota F, Costa S, Giannantonio C, Purcaro V, Catenazzi P, Vento G. Lutein supplementation and retinopathy of prematurity: a meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2020:1-6. Online ahead of print.
Zuniga KE, Bishop NJ, Turner AS. Dietary lutein and zeaxanthin are associated with working memory in an older population. Public Health Nutr 2020:1-8.
Korobelnik JF, Rougier MB, Delyfer MN, et al. Effect of Dietary Supplementation With Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and ?-3 on Macular Pigment: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Ophthalmol 2017;135(11):1259-1266.
Renzi-Hammond LM, Bovier ER, Fletcher LM, et al. Effects of a Lutein and Zeaxanthin Intervention on Cognitive Function: A Randomized, Double-Masked, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Younger Healthy Adults. Nutrients 2017;9(11):1246.
Green-Gomez M, Prado-Cabrero A, Moran R, et al. The Impact of Formulation on Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and meso-Zeaxanthin Bioavailability: A Randomised Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020;9(8):767.
Edwards JA. Zeaxanthin: Review of Toxicological Data and Acceptable Daily Intake. J Ophthalmol 2016;2016:3690140.
Mewborn CM, Lindbergh CA, Hammond BR, Renzi-Hammond LM, Miller LS. The Effects of Lutein and Zeaxanthin Supplementation on Brain Morphology in Older Adults: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. J Aging Res 2019;2019:3709402.
Wu J, Cho E, Willett WC, Sastry SM, Schaumberg DA. Intakes of Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and Other Carotenoids and Age-Related Macular Degeneration During 2 Decades of Prospective Follow-up. JAMA Ophthalmol 2015;133(12):1415-24.
Edwards CG, Walk AM, Thompson SV, et al. Dietary lutein plus zeaxanthin and choline intake is interactively associated with cognitive flexibility in middle-adulthood in adults with overweight and obesity. Nutr Neurosci 2021.
Tan AC, Balaratnasingam C, Yannuzzi LA. Treatment of Macular Telangiectasia Type 2 With Carotenoid Supplements Containing Meso-Zeaxanthin: A Pilot Study. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2016;47(6):528-35.
Bovier ER, Hammond BR. A randomized placebo-controlled study on the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on visual processing speed in young healthy subjects. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015;572:54-57.
Yu B, Wang J, Suter PM, et al. Spirulina is an effective dietary source of zeaxanthin to humans. Br J Nutr 2012;108(4):611-9.
Huang YM, Dou HL, Huang FF, Xu XR, Zou ZY, Lin XM. Effect of supplemental lutein and zeaxanthin on serum, macular pigmentation, and visual performance in patients with early age-related macular degeneration. Biomed Res Int 2015;2015:564738.
Lin H, Mares JA, LaMonte MJ, et al. Association between Dietary Xanthophyll (Lutein and Zeaxanthin) Intake and Early Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2017;24(5):311-322.
Hempel J, Fischer A, Fischer M, et al. Effect of aggregation form on bioavailability of zeaxanthin in humans: a randomised cross-over study. Br J Nutr 2017;118(9):698-706.
Kelly ER, Plat J, Haenen GR, Kijlstra A, Berendschot TT. The effect of modified eggs and an egg-yolk based beverage on serum lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations and macular pigment optical density: results from a randomized trial. PLoS One 2014;9(3):e92659.
Glabska D, Guzek D, Zakrzewska P, Lech G. Intake of Lutein and Zeaxanthin as a Possible Factor Influencing Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Caucasian Individuals with Ulcerative Colitis in Remission Phase. J Clin Med 2019;8(1):77.
Kou L, Du M, Zhang C, Dai Z, Li X, Zhang B. The Hypoglycemic, Hypolipidemic, and Anti-Diabetic Nephritic Activities of Zeaxanthin in Diet-Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Sprague Dawley Rats. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017;182(3):944-955.
Tuzcu M, Orhan C, Muz OE, Sahin N, Juturu V, Sahin K. Lutein and zeaxanthin isomers modulates lipid metabolism and the inflammatory state of retina in obesity-induced high-fat diet rodent model. BMC Ophthalmol 2017;17(1):129.
Xu X, Zhao X, Berde Y, Low YL, Kuchan MJ. Milk and Plasma Lutein and Zeaxanthin Concentrations in Chinese Breast-Feeding Mother-Infant Dyads With Healthy Maternal Fruit and Vegetable Intake. J Am Coll Nutr 2019;38(2):179-184.
Wilson LM, Tharmarajah S, Jia Y, Semba RD, Schaumberg DA, Robinson KA. The Effect of Lutein/Zeaxanthin Intake on Human Macular Pigment Optical Density: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr 2021.
Hammond BR Jr, Miller LS, Bello MO, Lindbergh CA, Mewborn C, Renzi-Hammond LM. Effects of Lutein/Zeaxanthin Supplementation on the Cognitive Function of Community Dwelling Older Adults: A Randomized, Double-Masked, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Front Aging Neurosci 2017;9:254.
Juturu V, Bowman JP, Deshpande J. Overall skin tone and skin-lightening-improving effects with oral supplementation of lutein and zeaxanthin isomers: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2016;9:325-332.
Akuffo KO, Beatty S, Peto T, et al. The Impact of Supplemental Antioxidants on Visual Function in Nonadvanced Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Head-to-Head Randomized Clinical Trial. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017;58(12):5347-5360.
Stringham JM, Stringham NT. Serum and retinal responses to three different doses of macular carotenoids over 12 weeks of supplementation. Exp Eye Res 2016;151:1-8.
Forman MR, Beecher GR, Lanza E, et al. Effect of alcohol consumption on plasma carotenoid concentrations in premenopausal women: a controlled dietary study. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;62(1):131-5.
Männistö S, Yaun SS, Hunter DJ, et al. Dietary carotenoids and risk of colorectal cancer in a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies. Am J Epidemiol 2007;165(3):246-55.
Bernstein PS, Li B, Vachali PP, Gorusupudi A, Shyam R, Henriksen BS, Nolan JM. Lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin: The basic and clinical science underlying carotenoid-based nutritional interventions against ocular disease. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2016;50:34-66.
Mahmassani HA, Switkowski KM, Scott TM, et al. Maternal intake of lutein and zeaxanthin during pregnancy is positively associated with offspring verbal intelligence and behavior regulation in mid-childhood in the project viva cohort. J Nutr 2021;151(3):615-627.
Chew EY, Clemons TE, Agrón E, et al. Long-term Outcomes of Adding Lutein/Zeaxanthin and ?-3 Fatty Acids to the AREDS Supplements on Age-Related Macular Degeneration Progression: AREDS2 Report 28. JAMA Ophthalmol 2022.
Loughman J, Loskutova E, Butler JS, Siah WF, O'Brien C. Macular pigment response to lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin supplementation in open-angle glaucoma: A randomized controlled trial. Ophthalmol Sci 2021;1(3):100039.
Kotagiri SR, Morde A, Rai D, et al. Superior bioavailability of a novel lutein and zeaxanthin formulation in healthy human subjects. Ophthalmol Ther 2022;11(4):1463-1477.
Anderson MJ, Romaguera D, Saint-Amour D, et al. Lutein and zeaxanthin intake during pregnancy and visual function in offspring at 11-12 years of age. Nutrients 2022;14(4):872.
Zhang Y, Knol LL, Tan L. Association between dietary lutein/zeaxanthin intake and metabolic syndrome among US females: An analysis of national health and examination surveys 2015-2018. Curr Dev Nutr 2021;5(10):nzab123.
Mahmassani HA, Switkowski KM, Johnson EJ, et al. Early childhood lutein and zeaxanthin intake is positively associated with early childhood receptive vocabulary and mid-childhood executive function but no other cognitive or behavioral outcomes in project viva. J Nutr 2022;152(11):2555-64.
Kang T, Liu Y, Chen X, et al. Dietary carotenoid intake and risk of developing preeclampsia: a hospital-based case-control study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022;22(1):427.
Lopresti AL, Smith SJ, Drummond PD. The effects of lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation on cognitive function in adults with self-reported mild cognitive complaints: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Front Nutr 2022;9:843512.
Nolan JM, Power R, Howard AN, et al. Supplementation with carotenoids, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamin E has a positive effect on the symptoms and progression of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2022;90(1):233-249.
Zhang W, Li W, Du J. Association between dietary carotenoid intakes and the risk of asthma in adults: a cross-sectional study of NHANES, 2007-2012. BMJ Open 2022;12(6):e052320.
Qiu Z, Chen X, Geng T, et al. Associations of serum carotenoids with risk of cardiovascular mortality among individuals with type 2 diabetes: Results from NHANES. Diabetes Care 2022;45(6):1453-1461.